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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2011 | Volume
: 3
| Issue : 2 | Page : 53-57 |
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Screening of gingival crevicular blood glucose and capillary finger blood glucose in the diagnosis of diabetes
Alka S Waghmare1, Ruhee L Chawla2, B Savitha2, Priyanka B Vhanmane2
1 Department of Periodontics, JMF's A.C.P.M Dental College, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Oral Implantology, JMF's A.C.P.M Dental College, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Web Publication | 21-Nov-2013 |
Correspondence Address:
Alka S Waghmare
Kamal Hospital, Wadibhokar road, Deopur, Dhule - 424 002, Maharashtra
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2231-0754.121861
 Abstract | | |
Aim: The study aimed at obtaining glucose readings using gingival crevicular blood (GCB) to screen for undiagnosed diabetes during routine dental visits. Materials and Methods: The present study included 50 patients who were divided into two groups, i.e. Group A and Group B, based on bleeding on probing at the site of collection of GCB. Group A participants had blood collected from sites having adequate bleeding on probing, whereas Group B participants had blood collected from sites with little bleeding on probing. GCB and capillary finger-stick blood (CFB] glucose readings were obtained using a self-monitoring glucometer. Statistical Analysis: Correlations between both the samples were done using Pearson's correlation. Results: Group A patients' correlations between GCB and CFB glucose readings were high, whereas in Group B patients, correlations between glucose readings were low. Conclusion: GCB can be an excellent source for screening diabetes during routine dental visits. Keywords: Capillary finger-stick blood, diabetes, gingival crevicular blood
How to cite this article:
Waghmare AS, Chawla RL, Savitha B, Vhanmane PB. Screening of gingival crevicular blood glucose and capillary finger blood glucose in the diagnosis of diabetes. J Int Clin Dent Res Organ 2011;3:53-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Waghmare AS, Chawla RL, Savitha B, Vhanmane PB. Screening of gingival crevicular blood glucose and capillary finger blood glucose in the diagnosis of diabetes. J Int Clin Dent Res Organ [serial online] 2011 [cited 2023 Mar 23];3:53-7. Available from: https://www.jicdro.org/text.asp?2011/3/2/53/121861 |
| Introduction | |  |
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of metabolic dysregulation, primarily of carbohydrate metabolism, characterized by hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose) that results from defects in insulin secretion or impaired insulin action, or both. Alterations in lipid and protein metabolism are also seen. Chronic elevation in blood glucose is associated with long-term dysfunction and damage to numerous organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, heart, nerves, and blood vessels. [1]
According to the World Diabetes Atlas More Details, India is projected to have around 51 million people with diabetes. [2] While the global prevalence of diabetes is 6.4%, the prevalence varies from 10.2% in the Western Pacific to 3.8% in the African region. [3] Because of the frequently mild or asymptomatic nature of diabetes in its early stages, many individuals with undiagnosed diabetes are likely to have had diabetes for several years before being diagnosed. [4] Thus, individuals may have an altered beta cell function before being diagnosed. [5] The early diagnosis of diabetes, however, might help to prevent its long-term complications that are responsible for the high morbidity of diabetes patients. [6]
A large body of evidence demonstrates that diabetes is a risk factor for gingivitis and periodontitis. The degree of glycemic control is an important variable in the relationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases, with a higher prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation and periodontal destruction being seen in those with poor control. Large epidemiological studies have shown that diabetes increases the risk of alveolar bone loss and attachment loss approximately threefold when compared to non-diabetic individuals.
There are few differences in the subgingival microbiota between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with periodontitis. This suggests that alterations in the host immuno-inflammatory response to potential pathogens may play a predominant role. Diabetes may result in impairment of neutrophil adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, which may facilitate bacterial persistence in the periodontal pocket and significantly increase periodontal destruction. [7]
Research has explored the dental office as a strategic venue of opportunity for glucose testing, examining the possibility of using gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for diabetes screening. Measuring glucose in GCF is a promising approach, yielding moderate to good correlations with capillary blood glucose measures. [8]
Hence, the present study was performed to examine whether gingival crevicular blood (GCB) could be used to obtain a useful glucose reading to screen for undiagnosed diabetes during routine dental visits.
| Materials and Methods | | |
The present study was cleared by the ethical clearance committee. A total of 50 participants in the age group of 35-65 years participated in the study, which included both diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
Exclusion criteria included patients (1) on antibiotic prophylaxis, (2) with any history of bleeding disorders, (3) on medications interfering with blood coagulation or having history of severe systemic diseases.
The participants were examined intraorally and periodontal status was recorded using graduated William's periodontal probe. Bleeding on probing was assessed using Muhlemann and Son Bleeding Index.
After obtaining an informed consent, the following demographic information was obtained from the study participants, such as age, gender, education, date of most recent dental/medical visit, past blood glucose testing, and history of diabetes.
Collection of GCB and CFB
The study participants were divided into two groups, i.e. Group A [Figure 1] and Group B [Figure 2], based on bleeding on probing and/or probing depth. Group A participants had adequate bleeding on probing and a probing depth of >3 mm and Group B participants had a probing depth of <3 mm. Maxillary anterior region was preferred for the collection of GCB sample for ease of access. The area was isolated with cotton rolls to prevent saliva contamination and dried with compressed air.
For participants with inadequate bleeding on probing, probing was repeated, when necessary, until a sufficient quantity of blood was present to gather sample. [8]
Pasteur pipette was used for collection of GCB sample [Figure 3] and [Figure 4] which was then transferred to test strip attached to self-monitoring glucometer (Ascensia Entrust Diabetes Care System) [Figure 5]. Immediately, a capillary finger-stick blood (CFB) sample was drawn from the patient's ring finger. The pad of the finger was initially wiped with alcohol swab, which was then allowed to dry and then punctured with a sterile lancet [Figure 6]. Then, this blood sample was transferred to the test strip [Figure 7]. The CFB readings were regarded as "casual" because they were taken without regard to the time since the patients last ate. [8]  | Figure 4: Pasteur pipette used for collection of gingival crevicular blood
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 | Figure 5: Lancing device along with lancets for collection of capillary finger blood
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| Results | | |
Fifty patients participated in the study (28 females and 22 males). However, two participants withdrew from the study.
The GCB readings of the study participants ranged between 60 and 160 mg/dl and their CFB readings ranged between 60 and 166 mg/dl [Table 1]. | Table 1: Comparison of CFB and GCB glucose readings in Group A and Group B
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Correlation of CFB and GCB blood glucose levels
Correlation of both the samples was done using Pearson's correlations. The GCB samples were collected from the sites with adequate bleeding on probing without touching the gingival margin or the tooth surface in Group A, whereas in Group B, the GCB samples were collected from the sites with less bleeding on probing, although the blood collected from Group B participants was sufficient for glucometric analysis according to the glucometer's owner's manual .
For Group A participants, the Pearson's correlation for GCB and CFB samples was r value = 0.980 and for Group B participants it was r value = 0.902 [Table 2]. | Table 2: Pearson's correlation for glucose readings in Group A and Group B
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According to the unpaired t-test, difference between GCB and CFB glucose readings was 0.562 for Group A and the P value was 0.577 with no significant difference between GCB and CFB glucose readings, whereas in Group B difference between GCB and CFB glucose readings was 2.083 and the P value was 0.043 with a significant difference between GCB and CFB glucose readings [Table 3].
There was no significant difference between GCB and CFB glucose readings in Group A participants [Figure 8] when compared to Group B participants [Figure 9].
The mean score for Group A glucose readings as shown in [Figure 10] was: GCB 96.5 and CFB 100.91, whereas in Group B it was GCB 82.66 and CFB 95.16.
| Discussion | | |
The American Diabetes Association recommends that screening for diabetes should start at age 45 years and be repeated every 3 years in persons without risk factors, and earlier and more often in those with risk factors for diabetes. [9]
Considerable efforts have been made in the past with regard to the development of painless and non-invasive methods to measure blood glucose. [10] However, until now, none are in routine clinical practice. [11]
Because the measurement of glucose through GCB involves a quick and simple intraoral procedure with minimal cost, dental professionals may be motivated to implement diabetes screening using a GCB sample and feel comfortable and confident in doing so. Furthermore, especially among older persons (a population at greater risk for diabetes), pocket depth > 4 mm and/or excess bleeding on probing is common and increases with age, [11] even exceeding 50 % in some samples. [12],[13],[14],[15],[16]
Since periodontal inflammation is known to produce ample extravasation of blood during routine diagnostic periodontal examination, [17] no invasive procedure such as finger puncture with a sharp lancet is necessary to obtain blood for glucometric analysis. The technique of using GCB is less traumatic and less time consuming and does not cause any discomfort to the patient.
The present study has shown a strong correlation between CFB and GCB glucose readings, which is similar to the findings of the studies conducted previously. [18] Our study suggests that GCB should be obtained for glucose readings in patients with adequate bleeding on probing without any contamination. Conversely, our results also suggest that GCB samples obtained from sites having minimal or absence of BOP showed false glucose readings when compared with CFB. Similar studies were conducted by Beikler et al., [19] Parker et al., [20] and Yamaguchi et al. [21]
Following the study, four patients who were undiagnosed were found to be diabetic.
| Conclusion | | |
To conclude, though CFB/venous blood is a gold standard for blood glucose estimation, GCB can also be an excellent source for screening diabetes during routine dental visits as it is non-invasive.
| References | | |
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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